Process style and strategy
Process, strategies, and style are three different things that have their own meaning.
Process is the most general of the three concepts. Process is the characteristic of every human being.
Style is a term that refers to consistent and rather enduring tendencies of preference within individual.
Strategy is specific method of approaching a problem or task, modes of operation for achieving a particular end, planned design for controlling and manipulating certain information.
LEARNING STYLE
In 1979 Keefe defined that learning style might be thought of as “cognitive, affective and physiological traits that re relatively stable indicators of how learners perceive interact with, and respond to the learning environment”
Another definition came from Skehan that defined learning style as “a general predisposition, voluntary or not, toward processing information in a particular way.
Learning style mediate between emotion and cognition.
FIVE OF SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO SUCCESS
- Field
Field independence is ability to perceive a particular, relevant item or factor in a “field” of distracting items. A field independent style enables you to distinguish parts from a whole, to concentrate on something (like reading a book in a noisy train station). And the person who predominantly FI tend to be generally more independent, competitive, and self-confident.
Field dependence is, conversely, the tendency to be “dependent” on the total field so that the part embedded within the field are not easily perceived, although that total field is perceive more clearly as unified whole. The synonym of field dependence is field sensitivity, a term that may carry a more positive connotation. And the person who predominantly FD tend to be more socialized, to derive their self-identity from the person around them, and more emphatic and perceptive of the feelings and thoughts of others.
- Left and Right Brain Dominant.
Our brain that we have, divided into two parts. The first is the left brain or the left hemisphere and the second is the right brain or the right hemisphere.
The left hemisphere is associated with logical, analytical thought, with mathematical and linear processing of information.
The right hemisphere perceives and remembers all the visual, tactile, and auditory images.
But, while the differences between both of them, we have to remember that the left and the right hemisphere operate together as a team.
- Ambiguity Tolerance.
The people who are relatively open-minded in accepting ideologies and event and facts that contradicts their own view are: they are ambiguity tolerant
The men, who are more closed-minded and dogmatic, tend to reject items that are contradictory or slightly incongruent with their existing system: they are ambiguity intolerant.
- Reflectivity and Impulsivity.
The children who are conceptually reflective tend to make a fewer errors in reading than impulsive children although the impulsive children are usually faster in reading.
- Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Styles.
There are some differences between the visual learners, auditory learners and kinesthetic learners.
Visual learners tend to prefer reading and studying charts, drawing, and other graphic information.
Auditory learners prefer listening to lectures and audiotapes.
Kinesthetic learners will show preference for demonstration and physical activity involving bodily movement.
AUTONOMY, AWARENESS, AND ACTION
Autonomy, awareness, and action are three things that we have to combining in study. All of them have their own function. The awareness of the student will be relatively useless if there is not action
STRATEGIES
The field of the second language acquisition has distinguished between two types strategy; Learning strategies and Communication strategies.
Learning Strategies
Typically, strategies were divided into three main categories. They are:
Metacognitive strategies is term used in information-processing theory to indicate an “executive” function, strategies, that involve planning for learning, thinking about the learning process as it is taking place, monitoring of one’s production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is complete.
Cognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning task and involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself.
Socioaffective strategies have to do with social-mediating activity and interacting with others.
Communication Strategies
If the learning strategies deal with receptive domain of intake, memory. Storage and recall. The communication strategies pertain to the employment of verbal and non-verbal mechanism for the productive communication of information.
Faerch and Kasper defined communication strategies as potentially conscious plans for solving what to individual presents itself as problem in reaching in particular communicative goal.
Avoidance Strategies
Avoidance is a common communication strategy that can be broken into several subcategories. The most common type of avoidance strategy is syntactic or lexical avoidance.
Another type of avoidance strategy is phonological avoidance. It is also common use. Example in
Compensatory Strategies
There are eleven strategy types of compensatory strategies.
- Circumlocution
- Approximation
- Use of all-purpose words
- Word coinage
- Prefabricated patterns
- Nonlinguistic signals
- Literal translation
- Foreignizing
- Code-switching
- Appeal for help
- Stalling or time-gaining strategies
SRATEGIES-BASED INSTRUCTION
Strategies-based instruction or BSD made to emphasize the productive link between styles and strategies. Explicit instruction is more effective than simply asking student to use one ore strategies and also foster metacognition student’s ability to understand their own thinking and learning processes.
By: Syamsul Arief. Ghalib
